有縁性(motivation)と「世界」ー方言地図にみることばと人間のせめぎ合いー, 東京外国語大学・国立国語研究所 [Tokyo University of Foreign Studies / National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics], Feb 2022, Tokyo, Japan
annee_publi
2022
resume
Le commentaire porte sur les données dialectales japonaises et le propos théorique motivationnel présentés par le professeur Takuichiro Onishi. Je reviens sur les fondements de la motivation (en lien avec le concept de paréidolie), sur la notion de cycle motivationnel, sur la "relativité" de la motivation dans son rapport avec l'arbitraire (à la lumière d'exemples de création lexicale et d'attraction paronymique), sur la nature interne ou externe du changement motivé, et sur la typologie des changement proposée dans sa conférence par le professeur Onishi. La discussion débouche sur la dimension universelle de certaines matrices de création et de changement, en s'appuyant sur la comparaison de données japonaises et gallo-romanes.
Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai - Studia Philologia, A paraître
annee_publi
2022
resume
A project has been launched to make a dialectal dictionary of Nice and its surroundings. As an important amount of data is being gathered from various texts and in the field, the proportion of free variation in the Occitan dialect spoken in the city of Nice appears to be significantly greater than what studies (especially grammars and dictionaries) report. Using a substantial set of examples, this descriptive article shares with the scientific community some important features of phonological and morphological polymorphism in urban Niçois. In the phonological part, it also shows the links that tie together polymorphism and diatopic variation in a relatively homogeneous dialectal area.
A new project has been launched to make a dialectal dictionary of the County of Nice. How should this single dictionary deal with the significant diatopic variation of the region? This article discusses both a theoretical and a practical solution to this question. It identifies the main lexicographical problems and it determines how complementary data should be indexed to urban Niçois, the reference dialect. A procedure is also developed to control the integration of certain local units into urban Niçois. Provisional illustrations of the dictionary are included to show how the adopted solutions work.
As the second part of a general study about semantic determinism, this article continues to analyze the topographic lexicon of Gallo-Romance dialects. The new concepts (‘river’, ‘brook’, ‘valley’, ‘cave’) that I examine in this paper complete my previous survey about the designations of hills and mountains. Most of all, the new set of data allows me to go beyond isolated concepts and to present for the first time the motivational synthesis of a whole theme. The result is that, whatever the concept, words referring to topography are generally created according to four matrices of designation: such words originally allude to (1) level; (2) concavity/convexity; (3) physical composition; or stem from a (4) conceptual confusion due to adjacency. The method that reduces hundreds of lexical forms to a handful of creative patterns leads to a direct perception of how the lexicon is structured and has a strong heuristic potential.
In this paper, I analyze the inconsistent diachronic evolution, the hybrid nature and the originality of Niçois, the Occitan dialect of Nice. A new monolingual dictionary of Niçois is being elaborated. Although thoroughly descriptive of any kind of variation, it needs a standard for its lemmas and its metalanguage. In order to specify what should be the general philosophy of the standard, I demonstrate that it is insufficient to define Niçois as a dialect of Provençal and that the latest propositions for its standardization tend to sacrifice authenticity for the sake of regularity. The two main sections of the paper consist in a commented collection of data. They show that Niçois has developed as a marginal dialect in which Provençal and Alpine evolutions have taken place simultaneously and in a disorderly way. It is the particular combination of both these evolutions with another set of more specific treatments that forms the very essence of Niçois. Therefore, an acceptable standardization must not arbitrarily modify the form of Niçois words; it should only determine a stable graphic system and the principles of lemmatization when cases of free variation are encountered.
Un nouveau projet de grammaire descriptive et synchronique du dialecte occitan de Nice (ou niçois) vient d’être lancé. Dans cet article, je définis le corpus du projet. À cette fin, je passe d’abord en revue la production écrite du Moyen Âge à nos jours. J’analyse ensuite les caractéristiques linguistiques du niçois à travers les âges de sorte à déterminer avec précision le moment où apparaît l’état de langue actuel. Mais après le second conflit mondial, en raison d’un normativisme accru et du recul de l’usage social parmi les populations éduquées, la langue écrite s’artificialise et ne correspond pas aux enregistrements de terrain. Le corpus sera donc constitué des écrits des années 1820 à la deuxième guerre mondiale et des enregistrements des dernières décennies.